Real-time face detection using dynamic background subtraction
Abstract
Face biometrics is an automated method of recognizing a person’s face based on a physiological or behavioral
characteristic. Face recognition works by first obtaining an image of a person. This process is usually
known as face detection. In this paper, we describe an approach for face detection that is able to locate a human
face embedded in an outdoor or indoor background. Segmentation of novel or dynamic objects in a scene, often
referred to as background subtraction or foreground segmentation, is a critical early step in most computer vision
applications in domains such as surveillance and human-computer interaction. All previous implementations aim
to handle properly one or more problematic phenomena, such as global illumination changes, shadows, highlights,
foreground-background similarity, occlusion and background clutter. Satisfactory results have been obtained but
very often at the expense of real-time performance. We propose a method for modeling the background that uses
per-pixel time-adaptive Gaussian mixtures in the combined input space of pixel color and pixel neighborhood.
We add a safety net to this approach by splitting the luminance and chromaticity components in the background
and use their density functions to detect shadows and highlights. Several criteria are then combined to discriminate
foreground and background pixels. Our experiments show that the proposed method possesses robustness to
problematic phenomena such as global illumination changes, shadows and highlights, without sacrificing real-time
performance, making it well-suited for a live video event like face biometric that requires face detection and recognition.